RESUMO
Pochonia chlamydosporia is a soil-dwelling fungus and biological control agent of nematodes, active ingredient in commercial bionematicides. The fungus is also endophytically associated with the roots of several plant species, promoting their growth and inducing systemic resistance. In this study, different pathways and tomato defense metabolites were studied to identify mechanisms induced by P. chlamydosporia that contribute to the control of Meloidogyne javanica, at early and late developmental stages. Some defense responses activated by the fungus appeared related to the nematode life cycle. Among the evaluated biochemical analysis, root colonization of P. chlamydosporia showed an increase in the concentration of phenolic compounds, such as chlorogenic acid. In addition, the expression of some host plant genes was also modified. The interaction of the fungus with roots parasitized by M. javanica resulted in the highest expression of Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL), Chalcone synthase (LECHS 2), and Protease Inhibitor (PI1) genes at 24 days post-inoculation. At the second sampling time (44 days), there was an increase in the expression of the Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog (RBOH) gene. Fungus reduced the expression of the ACC-oxidase and Pathogenesis-Related Proteins 1 (PR-1) genes in roots. Moreover, P. chlamydosporia inoculation changed metabolites and phytohormone profiles of the gall formed by M. javanica. Plant defense response appeared to involve the jasmonic acid and phytosphingosine cascades. With this analysis, it was possible to propose new molecular mechanisms induced by the fungus that contribute to the control of M. javanica.
Assuntos
Hypocreales , Solanum lycopersicum , Tylenchoidea , Animais , Tylenchoidea/microbiologia , Solanum lycopersicum/microbiologia , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologiaRESUMO
This experiment aimed to compare at day seven after ovulation, the protein profile of uterine fluid in cyclic mares with mares infused two days before with Day 13 conceptus fragments. Experimental animals were ten healthy cyclic mares, examined daily to detect ovulation (Day 0) as soon as estrus was confirmed. On day seven, after ovulation, uterine fluid was collected, constituting the Cyclic group (n = 10). The same mares were examined in the second cycle until ovulation was detected. On day five, after ovulation, fragments from a previously collected concepti were infused into each mare's uterus. Two days after infusion, uterine fluid was collected, constituting the Fragment group (n = 10). Two-dimensional electrophoresis technique processed uterine fluid samples. A total of 373 spots were detected. MALDI-TOF/TOF and NanoUHPLC-QTOF mass spectrometry identified twenty spots with differences in abundance between the Cyclic and Fragment group. Thirteen proteins were identified, with different abundance between groups. Identified proteins may be related to embryo-maternal communication, which involves adhesion, nutrition, endothelial cell proliferation, transport, and immunological tolerance. In conclusion, conceptus fragments signalized changes in the protein profile of uterine fluid seven days after ovulation in comparison to the observed at Day 7 in the same cyclic mares.
RESUMO
The significance of polyphenol intake for the prevention of chronic diseases is controversial. Objective: this study investigated the chemical composition and antioxidant potential of an anthocyanin-rich extract from Euterpe edulis fruits (LPEF) and its effects on liver steatosis in dyslipidemic apoE-/- knockout mice. Materials and methods: mice were divided into G1 (C57BL/6) standard diet; G2 (apoE-/-) standard diet, G3 (apoE-/-) 2% LPEF, G4 (apoE-/-) 6% LPEF, G5 (apoE-/-) 10% LPEF, G6 (apoE-/-) 2% α-tocopherol acetate. After 75 days of treatment, the animals were euthanized. The LPEF contained a high level of monomeric anthocyanins (301.4 mg/100g) and marked antioxidant activity. Results: Catalase activity was reduced in G3, G4, G5 and G6 compared to G2. Superoxide dismutase was reduced only in G4. The animals in G4, G5, and G6 showed low HDL and triglycerides levels compared to G2. The proportion of lipid droplets in liver tissue was reduced in G4 and G5 compared to G2, G3, and G6. Conclusion: The results indicated that E. edulis pulp is rich in anthocyanins and the LPEF dietary consumption can reduce the severity of liver steatosis in apoE-/- mice, an effect that is potentially mediated by the antioxidant activity of this extract and modulation of triglyceride serum levels (AU)
El papel de los polifenoles en la prevención de enfermedades crónicas es controvertido. Objetivo: este estudio investigó la composición química y el potencial antioxidante de un extracto del fruto de Euterpe edulis rico en antocianinas (LPEF) y sus efectos en la esteatosis hepática en ratones apoE-/- knockout con dislipidemia. Material y métodos: los ratones fueron divididos en los siguientes grupos; G1 (C57BL/6) con una dieta estándar; G2 (apoE-/-) con dieta estándar; G3 G3 (apoE-/-) con 2% de LPEF; G4 (apoE-/-) con 6% de LPEF; G5 (apoE-/-) con 10% de LPEF y G6 (apoE-/-) con 2% acetato α-tocoferol (α-tocopherol acetate). Después de 75 días de tratamiento, los animales fueron eutanizados. El LPEF contenía un alto nivel de antocianinas monoméricas (301,4 mg/100 g) con notable actividad antioxidante. Resultados: la actividad catalasa fue reducida en los grupos G3, G4, G5 y G6 comparada con G2. La superoxidasa dismutasa solo se redujo en el grupo G4. Los animales de G4, G5 y G6 mostraron bajos niveles de HDL triglicéridos, comparados con G2. La proporción de lípidos en el tejido hepático fue reducida en G4 y G5, comparado con G2, G3 y G6. Conclusión: los resultados indicaron que la pulpa de E. edulis es rica en antocianinas, y que el consumo de LPEF en la dieta puede reducir la severidad de la esteatosis hepática en ratones apoE-/-, un efecto que es potencialmente mediado por la actividad antioxidante de este extracto y la modulación en los niveles séricos de triglicéridos (AU)
